Results provide no evidence for improved reading if those children had instead received parental care. The causal effect was also defined and estimated among children who attended Head Start. Although the unadjusted population estimate indicated that children with parental care had substantially higher reading scores than children who attended Head Start, all propensity score adjustments reduce the size of this overall causal effect by more than half. parental care) on reading development in kindergarten. A step-by-step demonstration of three propensity score methods-weighting, matching, and subclassification-is presented in the context of an empirical examination of the causal effect of preschool experiences (Head Start vs. This paper describes propensity score methods as a conceptually straightforward approach to drawing causal inferences from observational data. Confounding present in observational data impede community psychologists’ ability to draw causal inferences.
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